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Foibe massacres
The ''foibe'' killings or ''foibe'' massacres refers to the killings that took place mainly in Venezia Giulia, Istria and Dalmatia during and after World War II from 1943–49, perpetrated mainly by Yugoslav Partisans〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.treccani.it/Portale/elements/categoriesItems.jsp?category=scienze_umane_e_sociali/storia/storia_contemporanea/&parentFolder=/Portale/sito/altre_aree/scienze_sociali/storia/&addNavigation=scienze_umane_e_sociali/storia/storia_contemporanea/&lettera=F&pathFile=/sites/default/BancaDati/Enciclopedia_online/F/ENCICLOPEDIA_UNIVERSALE_3_VOLUMI_VOL2_012309.xml ) For the use of other actors, at least a case of German use of the ''foibe'' is documented, but disputed. Fascist use of the ''foibe'' is still disputed.〕 against the local Italian population.
==Origin and meaning of the term==
The name derives from a local geological feature, a type of deep karst sinkhole called a ''foiba''.〔(A City in Search of an Author by Katia Pizzi )〕 The term includes by extension killings in other subterranean formations, such as the Basovizza "''foiba''", which is not a true ''foiba'' but a mine shaft.
In Italy the term ''foibe'' has, for some authors and scholars,〔See Raoul Pupo (''Foibe'', Bruno Mondadori, Milano 2003; ''Il lungo esodo. Istria: le persecuzioni, le foibe, l'esilio'', Rizzoli, Milano 2005 etc.), Gianni Oliva, (''Foibe. Le stragi negate degli italiani della Venezia Giulia e dell'Istria'', Mondadori, Milano 2003), Arrigo Petacco, (''L'esodo. La tragedia negata degli italiani d'Istria, Dalmazia e Venezia Giulia'', Mondadori, Milano 1999), ''et alia''〕 taken on a symbolic meaning; for them it refers in a broader sense to all the disappearances or killings of Italian people in the territories occupied by Yugoslav forces. According to Raoul Pupo, "It is well known that the majority of the victims didn't end their lives in a Karst cave, but met their deaths on the road to deportation, as well as in jails or in Yugoslav concentration camps".〔Raoul Pupo, (''Le foibe giuliane 1943-45'' ); "L'impegno"; a.XVI; n. 1; April 1996. «È noto infatti che la maggior parte delle vittime non finì i suoi giorni sul fondo delle cavità carsiche, ma incontrò la morte lungo la strada verso la deportazione, ovvero nelle carceri o nei campi di concentramento jugoslavi».〕 The terror spread by the disappearances and the killings eventually contributed to an atmosphere sufficient to cause the majority of the Italians of Istria, Rijeka and Zadar to flee to other parts of Italy or the Free Territory of Trieste.〔Raoul Pupo wrote: "...the horrible death in a cave (...) become the very representation of a barbaric and obscure violence hanging over as a potential doom of an entire community. This is the image that settles in the memory of contemporaries, and become an obsession in moments of political and national uncertainty. This has the power to condition appreciably the choices of the people, such as the one by Istrians that decide to leave their lands assigned to Yugoslav sovereignty" ("...la morte orrenda in una voragine della terra, (...) diventa la rappresentazione stessa di una violenza oscura e barbarica, sempre incombente come potenziale destino di un'intera comunità. È questa l'immagine che si fissa nella memoria dei contemporanei, che diviene un'ossessione nei momenti di incertezza nazionale e politica, e che ha la forza di condizionare in maniera avvertibile anche scelte di massa, come quella compiuta dagli istriani che decidono di esodare dai territori passati sotto sovranità jugoslava).〕
Other authors have asserted that "the post-war pursuit of the 'truth' of the ''foibe'' as a means of transcending Fascist/Anti-Fascist oppositions and promoting popular patriotism has not been the preserve of right-wing or neo-Fascist groups. Evocations of the 'Slav other' and of the terrors of the ''foibe'' made by state institutions, academics, amateur historians, journalists and the memorial landscape of everyday life were the backdrop to the post-war renegotiation of Italian national identity. The estimated number of people killed in Trieste is disputed, varying from hundreds to thousands.〔("In Trieste, Investigation of Brutal Era Is Blocked" ), nytimes.com, 20 April 1997.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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